所谓代名词(pronoun),是用来在对话或行文中代称某个名词的单词,这个名词必须在前文中提到。
与此相对,虚拟代名词("dummy pronoun",又称为 "expletive pronoun" 或 "expletive")并不是用来指称特定的人事物,而是出于文法所需被拿来填空的用词。在日常会话中,虚拟代名词常被用以表达强调的语气,或是让一句话听起来更通顺自然。然而,在学术写作或是较为正式的文章中,用虚拟代名词做为句子的开头却是非常不建议的做法,理由如下。
虚拟代名词
英文常见的虚拟代名词有 "it、there、this" 等。举例来说,在 "it is sunny today" 这句话中,"it" 是虚拟代名词,并未指称任何特定的事物,而单纯是用来充当形式主语,表达 "today is a sunny day" 这层意思。同理,在 "there are three apples on the table" 这句话中,"there" 是虚拟代名词,并未指称任何特定的地点,而单纯是用来表达"有东西存在"的状态。
以下是几个日常会话中用到虚拟代名词的例句:
It is important for students to keep up with their schoolwork.
It never rains in California. It only pours.
There are so many adorable puppies waiting to be adopted.
为何学术写作不适合使用虚拟代名词
学术写作以及正式的文章必须以专业、清晰、有条理的方式传达信息。所以,每一句话都得传达与前文相关的新信息,不应赘述已经提过或是画蛇添足的内容,而虚拟代名词使用在句子开头则是违背了这个原则。事实上,使用虚拟代名词会让文意变得不清楚,也不会传达与话题相关的新信息。遇上虚拟代名词的时候,某些读者可能会对它究竟是在指称什么而感到困惑。举例而言,假如有个句子劈头就说:"it is important to…",读者可能无法一眼就明白 "it" 究竟指称什么。
为了让句子更为清楚且简洁,作者应该要在句中使用明确的主语而非虚拟代名词。这样做能让读者更能掌握语境,因而更好理解句子要表达的意义。
以下举出几个学术文章中使用虚拟代名词的句子,并提供修正建议:
例句一:There is accumulating clinical evidence that physical activity is beneficial to health.
修正:Accumulating bodies of clinical evidence demonstrate the benefit of physical activity for health.
例句二:There are many factors affecting blood glucose stability.
修正:Several factors influence blood glucose stability.
例句三:There was no difference between the treatment and control groups.
修正:The researchers observed no difference between the treatment and control groups.
例句四:There are four types of integrated circuits in the data set.
修正:The data set contains four types of integrated circuits.
例句五:It is observed that modifying the neural network architecture improves its performance.
修正:The performance of the neural network was improved by modifying its architecture.
总结
总而言之,进行学术写作时,不要用虚拟代名词作为句子的开头,因为这样可能会让句意变得不清楚或不易理解。有一个简单的方法能有助您尽量避免使用虚拟代名词,那就是务必用明确的主语,而不是用代名词来开始一句话,这样能让句意清楚且连贯。