过渡词(transition words),又称为"转折词",有起承转合的作用。写作时善用过渡词可以让文章读起来有条理、逻辑清晰。过渡词依照功能主要分为四类:
1. Additive transitions:添加额外信息、举例、澄清
例如,"此外"、 "另外"、"同样重要的是"等单词,能够用于补充相关的附加讯息,让文章内容更丰富。以下提供一些范例:
Moreover(而且、再者、此外)
例句:The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.(整个报告写得很糟糕,且内容还不实。)
In addition to(除……之外)
例句:In addition to his apartment in Manhattan, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.(除了在曼哈顿拥有一套公寓外,他在意大利还有一座乡间别墅,在苏格兰有一座城堡。)
Particularly(特别地、尤其地、异乎寻常地)
例句:We're particularly interested to hear from people who speak two or more European languages.(我们特别希望收到能说两种或更多欧洲语言的人的来信。)
Notably(明显地、值得注意地)
例句:The newspapers are notably biased.(报纸显然有所偏袒。)
Specifically(特意地、专门地)
例句:These jeans are designed specifically for women.(这些牛仔裤是专为女性而设计的。)
Similarly(同样地、相似地)
例句:Cars must stop at red traffic lights, and similarly, bicycles have to stop too.(汽车遇到红灯时必须停下来,同样地,脚踏车也应该停下来。)
2. Adversative transitions:做对比
用于引入相反或对立的观点,从而达成强调文章的论点和论证的效果。例如"然而"、 "但是"、 "尽管如此"等词语,有助于表达冲突、对比或限制的关系。以下提供一些范例:
Nonetheless(然而、但是、尽管)
例句:There are serious problems in the computer. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to upgrade.(这台计算机存在严重的问题。但尽管如此,我们仍然觉得这是升级的好时机。)
Although(虽然、尽管)
例句:She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous.(她一个人步行回家,尽管她知道那样做很危险。)
Regardless of(不管怎样、无论如何)
例句:The plan for a new office building went ahead regardless of local opposition.(尽管遭到当地居民的反对,新建高层办公大楼的计划还是付诸实施了。)
Conversely(相反地、反过来地)
例句:You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.(你可以把液体加入粉末,或反过来把粉末加入液体中。)
3. Causal transitions:解释因果关系
"因为"、 "所以"、"因此"等能够将前后两个句子的因果关系连接起来,使文章更有逻辑性,例如:
Thus(因此、从而)
例句:He didn't work hard; thus, he was fired.(他工作不努力,因此被解雇。)
Therefore(因此、因而、所以)
例句:We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.(我们无法筹到资金,因此不得不放弃计划。)
Otherwise(否则、不然)
例句:I'd better write it down. Otherwise, I'll forget it.(我最好把它写下来,否则我会忘掉。)
Consequently(因此、所以)
例句:I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of the holiday.(我在第一周用掉了大部分钱,因此假期快结束时,我都没怎么吃东西。)
4. Sequential transitions:建立顺序逻辑
用于表达事件、观点或想法的顺序关系能让文章更具逻辑性和组织性。"首先"、 "其次"、 "最后"等词,有助于将有逻辑先后顺序的想法、段落或句子连接在一起,使文章更加流畅、易于阅读。以下提供一些范例:
Initially(起初,最初,初时)
例句:Initially, most people approved of the new plan.(起初,大部分人都同意这个新方案。)
Subsequently(随后地,接着)
例句:In 1982, he was arrested and subsequently convicted.(他在1982年被捕,随后被定罪。)
Finally(最后)
例句:Finally, I'd like to thank everyone for coming this evening.(最后,我要感谢各位今晚光临。)
学术写作中适当地使用过渡词,对于提升文章的逻辑性非常重要。这些过渡词能够帮助读者更好地理解文章的主旨,让文章的内容更连贯,观点更鲜明。