在英文中,情态动词 "can、could、may、might、should" 以及 "must" 都能够用来表达"可能性"或"推测",但是初学者经常难以区分其使用时机。以下我们透过一些范例来逐一说明这些情态动词的用法,帮助读者掌握其使用情境。
1. Can vs. Could
"Can" 可用于表达某特指事情发生的可能性,例如:
Smoking can cause cancer.(吸烟可能导致癌症。)
He can hardly have meant that.(他不太可能是那个意思。)
Noise can be quite a problem when you're living in a flat.(若你是住公寓,噪音可能会是个问题。)
"Could" 用在现在简单式,表达较低的可能性,不是很有把握会发生的情况,语气相对比较委婉,例如:
A lot of crime could be prevented.(许多犯罪活动是可以防止的。)
She could arrive anytime now.(她随时会抵达。)
This new medical drug could be an important step in the fight against cancer.(这种新药可能为攻克癌症迈出重要的一步。)
2. May vs. Might
"May" 同样可以表示可能性,带有推测的意思,语气也较为正式,例如:
The cause of the accident may never be discovered.(意外的起因也许永远无法查清。)
The problem may have been caused by a faulty electrical connection.(问题可能是由电路连接错误引起的。)
There may be other problems that we don't know about.(可能有我们不知道的其他问题。)
"Might" 用在现在简单式,可以描述比较不确定的推测,语气较委婉,例如:
I might come and visit you next year, if I can save enough money.(如果存够钱的话,明年我也许会来看你。)
Don't go any closer. It might not be safe.(别再靠太近,那可能不安全。)
The rain might have stopped by now.(现在雨也许已经停了。)
3. Should
"Should" 可以表达对某件事情的合理预期,例如:
My dry cleaning should be ready this afternoon.(我干洗的衣服今天下午应该可以取了。)
You should find this guidebook helpful.(你应该会觉得这本指南很有用。)
I wonder what's happened to Annie. She should be here by now.(不知道Annie出什么事了。她现在就该到这里了。)
4. Must
"Must" 可以表达基于有力的证据作出的推论,表示高度的可能性,例如:
Harry's been driving all day. He must be tired.(Harry开了一天车,他一定累了。)
There's water on the floor. We must have a leak.(地板上有水,一定有地方漏水。)
When you got lost in the forest you must have been very frightened.(那天你在森林里迷路了,一定很害怕吧。)
情态动词的使用取决于说话者对情境的理解以及表达的意涵。正确区分这些情态动词的用法能让表达更加精确,语意更加清晰。